Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl
BASIC
ELECTRONICS COURSE
THE SCHMITT TRIGGER
Page 49 Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl INDEX Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

One of the most universal chips is the Hex Schmitt Trigger, known as the 74C14. It is also marketed as 40106, 40014, and 74HC14. These are CMOS chips and are characterised by low current consumption, high input impedance and a supply voltage from 5v to 15v. (Do not substitute 7414 or  74LS14. They are TTL chips and operate on 4.5v to 5.5v and have low impedance inputs.)

Fig: 1 shows the six Schmitt gates in a 74c14 chip. 

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl   Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Fig: 2 shows the symbol for a single input Schmitt Trigger Inverter with power rails: 

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Fig 3 shows the Schmitt Trigger characteristic incorporated into other gates:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

We will concentrate on the single-input Schmitt Trigger gate as contained in the 74c14 IC. 
Fig: 4 shows the Schmitt Trigger Characteristic:  

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The output is HIGH until the input rises to 66% of rail voltage. 
The output goes LOW when the input goes above 66%.
The output remains HIGH until the input fall to 33%. 

A Schmitt Trigger gate can be wired as an oscillator, delay, inverter (and other functions, depending on the surrounding components). 
Fig: 5 shows the Schmitt Trigger wired as an oscillator, delay and inverter:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Each of the 6 gates in the 74c14 can be used to create a separate "building block" and this gives the chip a wide range of capabilities. 
THE FREQUENCY OF AN OSCILLATOR
 When a capacitor and resistor are added to a Schmitt Trigger gate, as shown in the first circuit 
of Fig: 5 above, the result is an oscillator called a MULTIVIBRATOR. A multivibrator has the feature of producing a square wave and this waveshape can have equal high and low periods (called 50:50 mark:space ratio) or any ratio of high and low periods. The HIGH period is called the MARK and the LOW is called the SPACE. 
The frequency of an oscillator depends on the value of R and C. There is no fixed "ratio" for these components however it is best to refer to sample circuits to see the values needed for a particular frequency - otherwise you may arrive at "unusual" combinations such as very large capacitors and very small resistors to achieve a high frequency. 
The frequency of a Schmitt oscillator is determined by the following equation: 
    Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl
An easier equation to work with is:
Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl
Oscillator circuits for the 74c14 can be separated into three categories:
1. Low frequency
2. Medium frequency, and
3. High frequency. 
Low frequency oscillators are below 1Hz and can also be classified as DELAY circuits or TIMING circuits. 
Medium frequency oscillators range from 1Hz to about 500kHz. 
High frequency oscillators are above 500kHz. 
We separate circuits into three categories due to the value of capacitor needed. 
For low frequency oscillators the capacitor is an electrolytic, ranging from 1u to 220u.
For medium frequency circuits the capacitor is a ceramic 1n to 100n
For high frequency circuits the capacitor is a ceramic 47p to 1n
The value of R should be in the range 10k to 4M7 in all cases. 
The maximum frequency for a particular chip will depend on the supply voltage and the type of chip. 
Some chips do not like supply voltages below 5v (maximum supply voltage is 15v for all chips in this discussion) while other chips (HS) are especially made for high speed operation. All chips will operate up to 500kHz with a 5v to 12v supply. Requirements outside this range will need special investigation. Some chips are designed to operate down to 2-3v.
  
Fig: 6 shows sample oscillator circuits with approximate values for R and C.
 

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl
Fig: 6 Low, Medium and High frequency Schmitt Trigger Oscillators

 
FREQUENCY CALCULATORS

Crazy Boys Of The Game Aka Stadium Nuts -1972- Dvdrip Dual Audio X264 - -sdr--.mkvl «A-Z PLUS»

The digital archiving community changed that. Releases like the one encoded by SDR serve a vital role in film preservation. By ripping the DVD, adding dual-language support, and compressing it with the highly compatible X264 codec, archivers ensure that 1970s French physical comedy remains accessible to a global audience today. How to Watch and Enjoy It

Filenames like this one highlight the vital role that digital archiving groups play in keeping regional cinema alive. While mainstream Hollywood blockbusters are easily accessible on global streaming platforms, foreign slapstick comedies from the 1970s frequently fall through the cracks of commercial distribution.

If you are trying to this specific file, would you like assistance with finding the correct media player settings for dual-audio tracks, or do you need help locating synchronized subtitle files (.SRT) for it? Share public link

The recent release of "Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl" has given fans a chance to experience the film in a whole new way. The restored version features crisp and clear video, as well as improved audio. The dual audio track allows viewers to enjoy the film in their preferred language, making it accessible to a wider audience. The digital archiving community changed that

: Slapstick is universal, but puns and narrative pacing can be experienced differently. The original French audio preserves the intended cultural jokes, while the alternative English track makes it easy to enjoy without relying entirely on subtitles.

The story follows the four protagonists (Les Charlots) who are enjoying a peaceful camping vacation in the French countryside. Their tranquil holiday is abruptly interrupted when a nearby town is chosen to host a major international sporting event meant to mirror the Olympic Games. The plot kicks into high gear through two primary drivers:

Films from the early 1970s, particularly those referred to with energetic, sensationalist titles like Stadium Nuts , often represent a peak in experimental exploitation and genre blending. These films were characterized by: How to Watch and Enjoy It Filenames like

Many films of this era utilized avant-garde or funk-influenced soundtracks. The Importance of Digital Preservation

: Les Charlots represented a highly specific era of European pop-culture and slapstick humor that mirrored the success of The Beatles in A Hard Day's Night . This file keeps that era accessible globally.

A significant part of the film's enduring charm lies in the genuine chemistry of its lead stars. The film features the iconic lineup of Les Charlots: Gérard Rinaldi, Jean Sarrus, Gérard Filippelli, and Jean-Guy Fechner. Their natural camaraderie and impeccable timing turn every scene into a playground of mischief. Supporting them is the veteran French comedian Paul Préboist as the exasperated grocer Jules, and Martine Kelly as the object of affection, Délice. Share public link The recent release of "Crazy

[Village Decorating] ──> [Torchbearer Arrives] ──> [Girl Runs Away] │ ▼ [Accidental Medals] <── [Chaos at the Stadium] <── [Chase to Paris] Iconic Comedic Style

The early 1970s saw rising hooliganism in football (soccer) in the UK and Europe, and similar rowdy behavior in American baseball and football stadiums. Stadium Nuts likely draws from this zeitgeist, predating more famous treatments like The Football Factory (2004) or Green Street Hooligans (2005). Unlike later films, however, Crazy Boys lacks a moralizing frame—the “nuts” are presented with chaotic neutrality.


Each gate of a 74c14 is capable of delivering up to 20mA with a 12v supply, 15mA with a 9v supply and 10mA with a 5v supply. A buffer transistor can be used to increase the output current if needed. 
Fig: 7 shows how a buffer transistor is connected to the output of a gate:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The voltage and current (called the "supply") for the 6 gates in a 74c14 comes from pin 14. The ground pin for the chip is pin 7. Each gate on a circuit diagram is normally shown without the power rails. It is understood they are present.
Fig: 8 shows the power rails for a 74c14 and the individual gates:
 

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

HOW A GATE WORKS
The next diagram (it is a repeat of Fig: 4 above) shows how the output of a Schmitt gate jumps from HIGH-to-LOW and LOW-to-HIGH as the input voltage rises and falls:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The output of a Schmitt Trigger gate is the opposite of the input. When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.
As the input rises to 66% of rail voltage, the output instantly goes LOW and the input has to fall to 33% of rail voltage for the output to go HIGH. 
The gap between 33% and 66% is called the HYSTERESIS GAP and this has been specially designed so that the input does not detect small fluctuations.

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Fig: 9 shows a voltage being applied to the Schmitt gate. The voltage is 55% of rail and this is not sufficient to change the output: 

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The following figure shows a normal gates. It changes when the input rises above about 53% of rail voltage and changes back when the input falls below 47%.

 Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl 

The following diagram shows the very small gap for a normal chip, where the output jumps from HIGH-to-LOW in an uncontrolled manner:

 Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Here's the secret of a Schmitt gate: Any noise (up to 60%) entering a Schmitt Trigger will not alter the condition of the gate. Any noise up to 55% entering a normal gate will change the output:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl  Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

There is one other problem with a normal gate. When the input is in the range of about 47% to 53%, the output goes high/low very rapidly. This is called the INTERMEDIATE ZONE and the output does not know if it should be HIGH or LOW. 
Fig: 10 shows the input voltage varying in this intermediate zone and the output fluctuating very rapidly:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

Even a fixed voltage in the intermediate zone will cause the output to fluctuate:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

This is due to the high gain of the amplifier in the gate and it does not know if the output should be high or low.  It is essential for the input voltage to pass through this zone very quickly to prevent the gate "oscillating."
The output will only fluctuate when the input voltage is rising slowly or sits in the zone, as it takes a short period of time for the gate to start oscillating. 
For this reason a normal gate is not suitable for low frequency (slow-rising waveforms).
The Schmitt gate does not have this problem. 
If the voltage on the input of a Schmitt Trigger rises very slowly, the output changes at 66% and it will only change back to its original state when the voltage drops to 33% of rail voltage. At no time does the gate self-oscillate. This is one of the advantages of the Schmitt Trigger. 

Fig: 12 shows how a Schmitt gate can be considered to be similar to a common-emitter NPN transistor:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The similarity is only approximate and you can see the general operation of each circuit has some similarities. It is important to note that the two circuits cannot be interchanged without modifying the surrounding components. 

SWITCH DEBOUNCE
A Schmitt gate can be used to eliminate noise from a switch.  When any type of mechanical switch is closed, the contacts "bounce" due to the dirt and an oxide coating on the contacts and this puts noise on the line. Sometimes this noise is seen as additional pulses by high-speed digital circuits with the result of "false-counting." The Schmitt gate circuit below prevents multiple pulses from being passed to a circuit:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl
Mouseover to see switch action

SIGNAL CONDITIONING
The Schmitt Trigger can be used to improve the quality of a signal by speeding up the rise and fall times. The rise and fall time is called the TRANSITION TIME. The Schmitt trigger will reshape a waveform into a square wave. 
It will also convert a SINEWAVE or ANALOGUE waveform to a SQUAREWAVE. 
Any form of improving a signal to a square wave is called SIGNAL CONDITIONING. 
This is also called RISE-TIME improving. The Schmitt Trigger produces a fast-switching digital output suitable for edge triggering.
Fig: 14 shows waveforms improved by a Schmitt Trigger.  Only excursions above 66% will appear in the output:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

SWITCHING THRESHOLD 
The SWITCHING THRESHOLD is the point where a signal changes logic states. 
A Schmitt Trigger has two thresholds - or TRIP POINTS. A positive going threshold (Vt+) and a negative going threshold (Vt-). 
The positive going threshold is also called the UPPER THRESHOLD and occurs at 66% of rail voltage. The LOWER THRESHOLD occurs at 33% rail voltage. 
The difference between the two thresholds is called the HYSTERESIS ZONE.
A signal will not change the state of the gate until it passes the positive going threshold. A high signal that enters the Hysteresis Zone will not change the state of the gate until it reaches the negative going threshold.
Besides preventing unwanted oscillation, the Hysteresis Zone also provides noise immunity.

THE 4093 IC
 Another common Schmitt Trigger IC is the 4093. This is a Quad 2-Input Schmitt Trigger.

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The CD 4093 is sometimes used for its gating capability. One of the inputs of the gate can used to turn the gate on and off.  This is called GATING. This feature can be achieved with a single-input Schmitt Trigger with a diode. This allows the 74c14 IC to be used. 
Fig: 16 shows how to substitute a 4093 NAND gate for a single-input gate:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl


SUBSTITUTING THE 555
 The 555 can be replaced by the 74c15 in almost every case, with the advantage of lower quiescent current and the availability of 6 building blocks. The 74c14 Schmitt gate is comparable with the 7555 (the CMOS version of the 555).
Fig 17 shows a 10 MINUTE TIMER. The circuit is also called a DELAY circuit:

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl

The 555 replaced by a Schmitt gate and a transistor to provide the drive-current:
Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl


SUMMARY
A Schmitt Trigger is a bistable (two-state) device used to square-up waveforms with slow rise and fall times. The most common applications are THRESHOLD DETECTION and SIGNAL CONDITIONING. Speeding up the TRANSITION (rise and fall) time affects the shape of the waveform, turning poor signals into reliable waveforms capable of driving digital ICs.
The THRESHOLD DETECTION feature will prevent signals with insufficient amplitude (such as noise) from activating the clock lines of digital chips.


See Page 76 for more discussion on the Hex Schmitt Trigger

NEXT page of this course

Crazy Boys Of The Game AKA Stadium Nuts -1972- DVDRip Dual Audio X264 - -SDR--.mkvl