Roots, underground stems, and seeds (where sunlight does not reach).

The branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and chemistry of cells.

Made of multiple types of cells working as a unit.

Possess a membrane-bound, well-defined nucleus and highly specialized organelles (e.g., Human and plant cells). Functional Classification

Living cells with unevenly thickened walls (thickened with cellulose and pectin at corners). They provide mechanical strength to growing plant parts.

Found only in plant cells. Made of cellulose. It provides shape and protection.

Parenchyma (storage), Collenchyma (mechanical support), and Sclerenchyma (strength).

Cylindrical, multinucleated fibers with alternate light and dark bands. Controlled by conscious will (e.g., skeletal muscles of hands and legs).

A comparison table is a must-have in your exclusive hand note.

Living elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls (thickened with cellulose and pectin at corners).

: Rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus that control spindle fibers during mitosis. II. Plant vs. Animal Cells

Found only in plant cells; completely absent in animal cells.

Covers body surfaces and lines organs (Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal). Connective: Connects and supports (Blood, Bone, Cartilage). Voluntary (Skeletal): Striped, under our control. Involuntary (Smooth): Unstriped, automatic (e.g., stomach). Found only in the heart; rhythmic and tireless. Transmits impulses via Quick Revision Tips for Exams: