A rigid, non-corrosive ring (usually stainless steel or brass) to provide lateral confinement.
Determining the maximum upper bound of vertical swell or collapse under negligible foundation load. Method B: Wetting Under Simulated Field Stress
: This determines the soil's compressibility in its newly saturated state. Key Updates in the 2021 Revision
: A single specimen is loaded to a vertical stress equivalent to its in-situ overburden pressure (plus any anticipated structural loads). After stabilization, the specimen is inundated. astm d454621 pdf
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The "-21" suffix denotes that the standard was updated or reapproved in the year 2021. ASTM standards undergo periodic reviews to refine methodologies, improve precision, and incorporate modern laboratory technologies.
You're looking for a guide on ASTM D4546-21, which is a standard test method for determining the collapse pressure of corrugated metal pipes. A rigid, non-corrosive ring (usually stainless steel or
Measures the free swell or collapse strain directly under a specific, constant pressure. Method B: Single-Specimen Swell Pressure Test
The test runs until deformation ceases (less than 0.002 mm per hour change).
While it can be tempting to look for "free" versions of ASTM standards on obscure websites, it is important to consider the risks. Unofficial PDFs may be: Key Updates in the 2021 Revision : A
By following the ASTM D4546-21 protocol, engineers can quantify these risks and design structures to accommodate or mitigate them, saving millions in potential repairs.
This method applies to scenarios where new fill, additional structural loads, or both are placed on ground that has previously experienced wetting-induced heave or settlement. After initial swell or collapse under a given vertical load, additional vertical load increments are applied similarly to a standard consolidation test (per ASTM D2435/D2435M).
| Equipment | Typical Models / Examples | |-----------|--------------------------| | | Fixed-ring or floating-ring models meeting ASTM D4546 and D2435 requirements | | Loading frames | Dead-weight consolidation machines with weight sets (e.g., HM-1100A manual, HM-1120 16 TSF weight set) | | Automated systems | LoadTrac III (for fully automated step-load consolidation/swell testing) | | Soil trimmers | For preparing intact specimens from samples obtained in the field | | Null indicators | For measuring pore pressure without water flow in/out of the specimen |